{"id":163297,"date":"2023-11-24T12:25:23","date_gmt":"2023-11-24T11:25:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/?p=163297"},"modified":"2023-11-24T12:25:29","modified_gmt":"2023-11-24T11:25:29","slug":"bajecne-houby-historie-penicilinu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/cs\/blog\/fab-fungi-the-history-of-penicillin\/","title":{"rendered":"Fab Fungi: Historie penicilinu"},"content":{"rendered":"

Objev penicilinu z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 skute\u010dn\u00fdm p\u0159elomem nejen v d\u011bjin\u00e1ch medic\u00edny, ale v d\u011bjin\u00e1ch lidstva obecn\u011b. Jako jedno z prvn\u00edch antibiotik na sv\u011bt\u011b znamenal, \u017ee l\u00e9ka\u0159i kone\u010dn\u011b z\u00edskali n\u00e1stroj, kter\u00fdm mohli l\u00e9\u010dit sv\u00e9 pacienty z infek\u010dn\u00edch nemoc\u00ed, kter\u00e9 d\u0159\u00edve znamenaly rozsudek smrti. Penicilin se z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1 z pl\u00edsn\u011b zvan\u00e9 Penicillium notatum, <\/em>a jakkoli se to m\u016f\u017ee zd\u00e1t protich\u016fdn\u00e9 steriln\u00edmu l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9mu prost\u0159ed\u00ed, kter\u00e9 si p\u0159edstavujeme, pl\u00edsn\u011b se ji\u017e dlouho pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9m v\u00fdzkumu. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rodina hub<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Pl\u00edsn\u011b pat\u0159\u00ed do \u010deledi hub a jsou p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e9 lahodn\u00fdm kulin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdm houb\u00e1m, ale i houb\u00e1m, kter\u00e9 vyvol\u00e1vaj\u00ed my\u0161lenkov\u00e9 pochody. Na rozd\u00edl od nich je v\u0161ak pl\u00edse\u0148 mnohem m\u00e9n\u011b p\u0159ita\u017eliv\u00e1. Jak se tedy stalo, \u017ee n\u011bco, co je synonymem smrti a rozkladu, nakonec zachr\u00e1nilo nespo\u010det \u017eivot\u016f? No, sp\u00ed\u0161e jako Albert Hofmann objev LSD<\/a> (z\u00edskan\u00fd z n\u00e1melov\u00e9 houby) <\/em>byla to tak trochu nehoda...<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doktor Fleming se vrac\u00ed do nepo\u0159\u00e1dku...<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Petriho
prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm Wikipedie<\/mark><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

P\u00ed\u0161e se rok 1928 a bakteriolog Dr. Alexander Fleming se pr\u00e1v\u011b vr\u00e1til do Lond\u00fdna z letn\u00ed dovolen\u00e9 ve Skotsku. Jeho laborato\u0159 v nemocnici svat\u00e9 Marie z\u016fstala v nepo\u0159\u00e1dku a on si v\u0161iml, \u017ee jeho kolonie Staphylococcus aureus (typ bakterie, samoz\u0159ejm\u011b) <\/em>byly kontaminov\u00e1ny pl\u00edsn\u00ed. N\u011bco jako kdy\u017e n\u011bkde omylem nech\u00e1te hrnek s nap\u016fl vypit\u00fdm \u010dajem a po t\u00fddnu zjist\u00edte, \u017ee tam vesele roste cel\u00fd ekosyst\u00e9m. Tato pl\u00edse\u0148 se jmenovala Penicillium notatum, <\/em>a m\u00edsto k\u0159iku \"fuj!<\/em> a vypr\u00e1zdnil Petriho misky, Fleming se zachoval jako bakteriolog, kter\u00fdm byl, a rozhodl se, \u017ee se na n\u011b pod\u00edv\u00e1 pod mikroskopem.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159i pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed interakce mezi bakteriemi a pl\u00edsn\u00ed Fleming s \u00fadivem zjistil, \u017ee bakterie a pl\u00edse\u0148  Penicillium notatum <\/em>br\u00e1nila norm\u00e1ln\u00edmu r\u016fstu Staphylococcus aureus. <\/em>Aby Fleming potvrdil sv\u00e1 zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, musel po\u010dkat, a\u017e pl\u00edsn\u011b vyrostou dal\u0161\u00ed. (co\u017e je pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b jen o m\u00e1lo lep\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e sledovat schnut\u00ed barvy!) <\/em>Ale jakmile se tak stalo, mohl Fleming potvrdit sv\u016fj neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u00fd objev - \u017ee pl\u00edse\u0148 Penicillium m\u00e1 schopnost inhibovat r\u016fst bakteri\u00ed. To znamenalo, \u017ee by mohla b\u00fdt potenci\u00e1ln\u011b vyu\u017eita v boji proti infek\u010dn\u00edm chorob\u00e1m. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Nepl\u00e1noval jsem revoluci v medic\u00edn\u011b\"<\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Dr. Fleming pozd\u011bji o tomto osudn\u00e9m dni napsal;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \"Kdy\u017e jsem se 28. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1928 t\u011bsn\u011b po rozb\u0159esku probudil, rozhodn\u011b jsem nem\u011bl v pl\u00e1nu zp\u016fsobit revoluci v medic\u00edn\u011b t\u00edm, \u017ee objev\u00edm prvn\u00ed antibiotikum na sv\u011bt\u011b, neboli zabij\u00e1ka bakteri\u00ed. Ale mysl\u00edm, \u017ee p\u0159esn\u011b to jsem ud\u011blal.\"<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nem\u016f\u017eete doktoru Flemingovi vy\u010d\u00edtat, \u017ee se s\u00e1m chlub\u00ed. T\u00edm v\u0161ak p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh nekon\u010d\u00ed. Ne\u017e se houby za\u010daly skute\u010dn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvat v medic\u00edn\u011b, muselo prob\u011bhnout je\u0161t\u011b n\u011bkolik krok\u016f. A bohu\u017eel Fleming nem\u011bl ani chemick\u00e9 vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed, ani vybaven\u00ed v St Mary's, aby mohl prov\u00e9st v\u011bci, kter\u00e9 by z n\u00ed mohly ud\u011blat \u017eivotaschopnou l\u00e9\u010dbu. T\u011bmito \"v\u011bcmi\" byly: izolace \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 l\u00e1tky v penicilinov\u00e9 pl\u00edsni, jej\u00ed vy\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, proti jak\u00fdm z\u00e1rodk\u016fm m\u016f\u017ee bojovat, a zp\u016fsob jej\u00edho skute\u010dn\u00e9ho pou\u017eit\u00ed. Navzdory sv\u00e9mu objevu tedy Fleming\u016fv v\u00fdzkum po zve\u0159ejn\u011bn\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nku o n\u011bm ustrnul. \u010clov\u011bk je pak ur\u010dit\u011b vd\u011b\u010dn\u00fd, \u017ee m\u016f\u017ee j\u00edst jen psilocybinov\u00e9 houby! <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Alexander
Sir Alexander Fleming. Kredit: Wellcome Library, Lond\u00fdn. Obr\u00e1zky Wellcome <\/mark><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Bakteri\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0161tafeta je p\u0159ed\u00e1na<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

A tak se tohoto \u00fakolu n\u00e1hodou ujal Dr. Howard Florey, profesor patologie na Oxfordsk\u00e9 univerzit\u011b. Byl zku\u0161en\u00fd v z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch grant\u016f, a<\/em> v sestavov\u00e1n\u00ed vysn\u011bn\u00fdch t\u00fdm\u016f v\u011bdeck\u00fdch koleg\u016f. Dr. Florey se dlouho zaj\u00edmal o antagonistick\u00fd vztah mezi bakteriemi a pl\u00edsn\u011bmi a v roce 1938 proch\u00e1zel star\u00e1 vyd\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dasopisu The British Journal of Experimental Pathology,<\/em> kdy\u017e se mu dostala do rukou Flemingova pr\u00e1ce o vlastnostech pl\u00edsn\u011b penicillium, kter\u00e1 zab\u00edj\u00ed bakterie. Brzy shrom\u00e1\u017edil sv\u00e9 kolegy z laborato\u0159e a ti byli p\u0159ipraveni rozlu\u0161tit, co Fleming myslel t\u00edm, \u017ee penicillium \"antibakteri\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinek.\"<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fdm, jeho\u017e \u010dlenem byl i nadan\u00fd biochemik Dr. Ernst Chain, brzy vytvo\u0159il \u0159adu primitivn\u00edch extrakt\u016f z kultury pl\u00edsn\u011b penicillium. V l\u00e9t\u011b 1940 pak provedli pokus na 50 ne\u0161\u0165astn\u00fdch my\u0161\u00edch a infikovali je smrteln\u011b nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdm streptokokem. Polovina z nich zem\u0159ela na extr\u00e9mn\u00ed sepsi. Druh\u00e1 polovina, kter\u00e9 byly pod\u00e1v\u00e1ny injekce penicilinu, v\u0161ak p\u0159e\u017eila.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdrobn\u00ed probl\u00e9m<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Po tomto jasn\u00e9m \u00fasp\u011bchu se doktor Florey rozhodl, \u017ee m\u00e1 dostatek d\u016fkaz\u016f, aby l\u00e9k vyzkou\u0161el na lidech. Byl tu v\u0161ak probl\u00e9m. K v\u00fdrob\u011b dostate\u010dn\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed \u010dist\u00e9ho penicilinu pro l\u00e9\u010dbu jednoho \u010dlov\u011bka bylo zapot\u0159eb\u00ed v\u00edce ne\u017e 2 000 litr\u016f pl\u00edsn\u011b. sepse<\/a>. A nen\u00ed p\u0159ekvapiv\u00e9, \u017ee vyp\u011bstovat tak velkou \u00farodu pl\u00edsn\u00ed nebylo nejjednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed ani nejefektivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed na sv\u011bt\u011b.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u016fle\u017eitou postavou tohoto procesu byl Dr. Norman Heatley, biochemik, kter\u00fd si dal za \u00fakol p\u011bstovat pl\u00edsn\u011b ve v\u0161ech dostupn\u00fdch n\u00e1dob\u00e1ch. (to zn\u00ed trochu jako m\u016fj b\u00fdval\u00fd spolubydl\u00edc\u00ed! ????) <\/em>Heatley p\u011bstoval penicilinovou pl\u00edse\u0148, ods\u00e1val tekutinu a vytv\u00e1\u0159el zp\u016fsoby jej\u00edho \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed. Dnes se penicilin vyr\u00e1b\u00ed v obrovsk\u00fdch fermenta\u010dn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00edch a pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 sofistikovan\u00e9 extrak\u010dn\u00ed techniky. Takto skromn\u011b v\u0161ak v\u00fdroba antibiotika za\u010d\u00ednala. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"penicilinov\u00e1
Fermenta\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1doba na penicilin, Anglie, 1940-1945. P\u0159isp\u011bvatel\u00e9: V\u011bdeck\u00e9 muzeum, Lond\u00fdn. Pr\u00e1ce <\/mark><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Penicilin p\u0159ekra\u010duje hranice rybn\u00edka<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V roce 1941, nedlouho p\u0159ed vstupem USA do druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky, odcestovali Florey a Heatley do Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f, aby ve spolupr\u00e1ci s americk\u00fdmi v\u011bdci v Peorii ve st\u00e1t\u011b Illinois vyvinuli zp\u016fsob masov\u00e9 v\u00fdroby jejich vznikaj\u00edc\u00ed \"z\u00e1zra\u010dn\u00e9 drogy\". <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uv\u011bdomuj\u00ed si, \u017ee jejich OG Penicillin notatum <\/em>nikdy nebude schopen vyrobit dostate\u010dn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed penicilinu pro spolehlivou l\u00e9\u010dbu lid\u00ed, hledali oba dokto\u0159i produktivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed druh pl\u00edsn\u011b. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jednoho tepl\u00e9ho letn\u00edho dne p\u0159inesla laborantka Mary Huntov\u00e1 z trhu meloun cantaloupe, kter\u00fd byl pokryt\u00fd vrstvou \"hezk\u00e1, zlat\u00e1, pl\u00edse\u0148.\" <\/em>Na\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed se uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee tato n\u00e1dhern\u00e1 pl\u00edse\u0148 je houba. Penicillium chrysogeum. <\/em>Bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee poskytuje 200x v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed ne\u017e p\u016fvodn\u011b testovan\u00fd druh. I tento druh v\u0161ak pot\u0159eboval vylep\u0161en\u00ed pomoc\u00ed rentgenov\u00e9ho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed vyvol\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edho mutace a filtraci. Nakonec se v\u0161ak poda\u0159ilo vyrobit 1000kr\u00e1t v\u00edce penicilinu ne\u017e p\u0159i p\u016fvodn\u00edm pokusu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Penicilin zachra\u0148uje voj\u00e1ky<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Penicilin se osv\u011bd\u010dil b\u011bhem v\u00e1lky. Hlavn\u00edm zabij\u00e1kem ve v\u00e1lk\u00e1ch byla po celou historii infekce. V prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lce p\u0159ed n\u00e1stupem penicilinu zem\u0159elo 18% osob s bakteri\u00e1ln\u00edm z\u00e1palem plic. Za druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky to bylo m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e 1%. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Na konci v\u00e1lky vyr\u00e1b\u011bly americk\u00e9 farmaceutick\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti 650 miliard jednotek penicilinu m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u011b. K velk\u00e9mu zd\u011b\u0161en\u00ed Dr. Floreyho a jeho t\u00fdmu oxfordsk\u00fdch v\u011bdc\u016f se v\u0161ak zpr\u00e1vy o \"z\u00e1zra\u010dn\u00e9m l\u00e9ku\" soust\u0159edily p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na Dr. Fleminga a jejich v\u00fdznamn\u00fd p\u0159\u00ednos byl ignorov\u00e1n. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

To se pon\u011bkud napravilo v roce 1945, kdy Fleming, Florey a Chain z\u00edskali Nobelovu cenu za fyziologii nebo medic\u00ednu. Heatleyho p\u0159\u00ednos byl ocen\u011bn a\u017e v roce 1990, kdy mu Oxfordsk\u00e1 univerzita ud\u011blila v\u016fbec prvn\u00ed \u010destn\u00fd doktor\u00e1t medic\u00edny ve sv\u00e9m 800let\u00e9m odkazu.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ka\u017ed\u00fd rok 28. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed se slav\u00ed objev penicilinu doktorem Flemingem. Stoj\u00ed v\u0161ak za to p\u0159ipomenout si tak\u00e9 ob\u011btavou skupinu lid\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed se zaslou\u017eili o jeho zrod do dne\u0161n\u00ed podoby. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"zkumavky
T\u0159i zkumavky s penicilinov\u00fdm pr\u00e1\u0161kem, dv\u011b s mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm stojanem Kredit: Science Museum, Lond\u00fdn. <\/mark><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Budoucnost l\u00e9\u010div\u00fdch hub<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Kdo m\u016f\u017ee \u0159\u00edci, jak\u00e1 bude budoucnost psilocybinu jako celosv\u011btov\u00e9ho l\u00e9ku? Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, \u017ee se velmi li\u0161\u00ed od penicilinu, kter\u00fd pom\u00e1h\u00e1 du\u0161evn\u00edmu zdrav\u00ed a... chronick\u00e1 bolest<\/a> sp\u00ed\u0161e ne\u017e infekce. A op\u011bt jinak, m\u016f\u017ee k n\u011bmu m\u00edt p\u0159\u00edstup kdokoli. Pot\u0159ebujete jen sadu na p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed hub nebo kouzeln\u00e9 lan\u00fd\u017ee, co\u017e z n\u00ed d\u011bl\u00e1 opravdu \u00fapln\u011b jinou rybu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pl\u00edsn\u011b penicillium a psilocybinov\u00e9 houby v\u0161ak spojuje to, \u017ee jde o fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed houby, kter\u00e9 n\u011bjak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem dok\u00e1\u017eou pe\u010dovat o lidstvo a l\u00e9\u010dit ho. Jsou z\u00e1hadn\u00e9 a magick\u00e9 z\u00e1rove\u0148. Zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee pro medic\u00ednu je minulost, p\u0159\u00edtomnost i budoucnost..... hub ????.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Kdy\u017e se zamysl\u00edme nad l\u00e9\u010div\u00fdmi houbami, jako prvn\u00ed n\u00e1s pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b napadne sou\u010dasn\u00fd \"houbov\u00fd boom\", kter\u00fd tipuje psilocybinov\u00e9 houby na na\u0161e nov\u00e9 hrdiny ve zdravotnictv\u00ed. V\u011b\u0159ili byste v\u0161ak, \u017ee to nen\u00ed poprv\u00e9, co se houby prosadily v medic\u00edn\u011b? \u0158e\u010d je samoz\u0159ejm\u011b o penicilinu.\u00a0<\/p>","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":163414,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[68],"tags":[],"topics":[],"class_list":["post-163297","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-science-and-studies"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/163297","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=163297"}],"version-history":[{"count":19,"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/163297\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":163417,"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/163297\/revisions\/163417"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/163414"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=163297"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=163297"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=163297"},{"taxonomy":"topics","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/topics?post=163297"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}