{"id":61142,"date":"2022-05-25T17:03:29","date_gmt":"2022-05-25T15:03:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/?p=61142"},"modified":"2023-11-12T12:01:59","modified_gmt":"2023-11-12T11:01:59","slug":"vse-o-tajne-reci-hub","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/cs\/blog\/all-about-the-secret-language-of-mushrooms\/","title":{"rendered":"V\u0161e o tajn\u00e9 \u0159e\u010di hub"},"content":{"rendered":"

T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161echny \u017eiv\u00e9 bytosti na Zemi spolu n\u011bjak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem komunikuj\u00ed. Od lesn\u00edch tvor\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed vr\u010d\u00ed a cvrlikaj\u00ed, p\u0159es hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 zv\u00ed\u0159ata, kter\u00e1 vr\u010d\u00ed, a\u017e po listy a ko\u0159eny rostlin, kter\u00e9 vys\u00edlaj\u00ed chemick\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy. podzem\u00ed<\/a>. Ale co houby, na kter\u00e9 naraz\u00edte v p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b? Je mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee houby nejsou tak tich\u00e9, jak se zd\u00e1 - \u017ee se n\u00e1m p\u0159\u00edmo pod nosem vym\u011b\u0148uje neviditeln\u00e1 magie?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jak houby komunikuj\u00ed? <\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

V\u011bda n\u00e1m \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee u mnohobun\u011b\u010dn\u00fdch \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f si jednotliv\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti t\u011bla mohou navz\u00e1jem pos\u00edlat zpr\u00e1vy pomoc\u00ed nervov\u00fdch bun\u011bk. Pokud jsou spojeny do s\u00edt\u011b ozna\u010dovan\u00e9 jako nervov\u00e1 soustava, jsou sign\u00e1ly vys\u00edl\u00e1ny prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm elektrick\u00fdch v\u00fdboj\u016f. (naz\u00fdvan\u00e9 tak\u00e9 impulsy).<\/em> Tyto vzorce umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed lidem a ostatn\u00edm zv\u00ed\u0159at\u016fm vid\u011bt, co se kolem nich d\u011bje, a podle toho jednat. Elektrick\u00e9 impulsy lze sv\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem ozna\u010dit za \"jazyk\" komunikace. Jen tentokr\u00e1t doru\u010dovanou s\u00edt\u00ed vysoce specializovan\u00fdch bun\u011bk nam\u00edsto textov\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy nebo DM.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"b\u00edl\u00e1
Mycelium p\u0159es Creative Commons<\/mark><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Houby se \u0159ad\u00ed do \u0159\u00ed\u0161e houby<\/em>, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee na rozd\u00edl od lid\u00ed a zv\u00ed\u0159at nemaj\u00ed nervovou soustavu. P\u0159esto se v\u0161ak zd\u00e1, \u017ee houby jsou schopny vys\u00edlat zpr\u00e1vy p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm elektrick\u00fdch impuls\u016f. Tyto impulzy jsou vys\u00edl\u00e1ny pomoc\u00ed chom\u00e1\u010dovit\u00fdch vl\u00e1ken, tzv. hyfy<\/a><\/strong>. Pot\u00e9 postav\u00ed mycelium<\/strong>: s\u00ed\u0165 vl\u00e1ken, kter\u00e1 spojuj\u00ed houbov\u00e9 kolonie pod zem\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tajn\u00e1 \u0159e\u010d hub<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Na houbov\u00fdch s\u00edt\u00edch je zaj\u00edmav\u00e9, jak moc se podobaj\u00ed nervov\u00e9 soustav\u011b \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f. Je tedy mo\u017en\u00e9, aby v\u011bdci sledovali elektrick\u00e9 impulsy vys\u00edlan\u00e9 houbami? Mohlo by se to prov\u00e9st tak, \u017ee by se zkontrolovalo, jak \u010dasto a jak siln\u011b vibruj\u00ed hyfy?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdzkum nazna\u010duje, \u017ee je to skute\u010dn\u011b mo\u017en\u00e9. Nap\u0159\u00edklad kdy\u017e byly houby, kter\u00e9 jsou schopn\u00e9 tr\u00e1vit d\u0159evo, \"krmeny\" \u0161palky d\u0159eva, v\u011bdci vid\u011bli, \u017ee vyst\u0159eluj\u00ed elektrick\u00e9 impulsy mnohem rychleji. Existuje teorie, \u017ee houby pomoc\u00ed hyf vys\u00edlaj\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy o potrav\u011b nebo nebezpe\u010d\u00ed do vzd\u00e1len\u00e9ho mycelia nebo do jin\u00fdch ko\u0159enov\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f propojen\u00fdch hyfami, jako je tomu u strom\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Ektomykorhizn\u00ed mycelium (b\u00edl\u00e9) spojen\u00e9 s ko\u0159eny Picea glauca (hn\u011bd\u00e9).(Foto: Andr\u00e9-Ph. D. Picard p\u0159es Wikimedia Commons)<\/span><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

V\u011bdci tak mo\u017en\u00e1 brzy budou schopni rozlu\u0161tit tajn\u00fd k\u00f3d hub. Je mo\u017en\u00e9 nau\u010dit se jazyky, kter\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed rostliny a houby, studiem elektrick\u00fdch impuls\u016f, kter\u00e9 si navz\u00e1jem vys\u00edlaj\u00ed?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Houby Slova a v\u011bty<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Podle nov\u00e9 studium<\/a><\/strong> profesora Andrewa Adamatzk\u00e9ho z Laborato\u0159e nekonven\u010dn\u00edch po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u016f Z\u00e1padoanglick\u00e9 univerzity v Bristolu, zp\u016fsob, jak\u00fdm spolu houby komunikuj\u00ed, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e jsme si dosud mysleli. Podle studie jde o v\u00edc ne\u017e jen o neur\u010dit\u00fd elektrick\u00fd sign\u00e1l. Houby se mo\u017en\u00e1 dorozum\u00edvaj\u00ed se sousedn\u00edmi koloniemi pomoc\u00ed \"slova\"<\/em> na adrese \"v\u011bty\"<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aby Adamatzky potvrdil svou teorii, studoval mycelium \u010dty\u0159 druh\u016f hub. Jednalo se o houby enoki, \u017e\u00e1brono\u017eku rozd\u011blenou, ducha\u0159ku a housenici. Pot\u00e9 zkontroloval hroty v elektrick\u00fdch vzorc\u00edch vlo\u017een\u00edm mikroelektrody<\/a><\/strong> na substr\u00e1ty<\/a><\/strong>, kter\u00e9 ji\u017e byly kolonizov\u00e1ny hyfami houby. To, co uvid\u011bl vz\u00e1p\u011bt\u00ed, ho velmi p\u0159ekvapilo...<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Na z\u00e1klad\u011b ode\u010dten\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f se elektrick\u00e9 vzorce hub postupn\u011b prom\u011bnily ve slovn\u00edky \u010d\u00edtaj\u00edc\u00ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 50 slov. A tady je ta \u0161\u00edlen\u00e1 v\u011bc: zp\u016fsob, jak\u00fdm houba \"slova\"<\/em> byly uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1ny podobn\u011b jako syntax lidsk\u00fdch jazyk\u016f. To platilo zejm\u00e9na pro kor\u00e1lovce - roz\u0161t\u011bpen\u00e9 \u017e\u00e1brono\u017eky, kter\u00e9 tvo\u0159ily zat\u00edm nejslo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \"v\u011bty\" z cel\u00e9 skupiny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Za p\u0159edpokladu, \u017ee hroty elektrick\u00e9 aktivity slou\u017e\u00ed houb\u00e1m ke komunikaci a zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed informac\u00ed v myceliov\u00fdch s\u00edt\u00edch, jsme seskupili <\/em>hroty do slov<\/em><\/strong> a poskytnout lingvistickou anal\u00fdzu a anal\u00fdzu informa\u010dn\u00ed slo\u017eitosti houbov\u00e9 aktivity.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Uk\u00e1zali jsme, \u017ee distribuce d\u00e9lky slov hub <\/em>odpov\u00edd\u00e1 lidsk\u00fdm jazyk\u016fm<\/em><\/strong>.\"<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stejn\u011b jako Howling Wolves<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Je to jist\u011b \u0161okuj\u00edc\u00ed odhalen\u00ed, ale Adamatzky varuje ve\u0159ejnost, aby se p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 nevzru\u0161ovala. \"mluv\u00edc\u00ed houby\"<\/em>. Den\u00edku The Guardian \u0159ekl:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Nev\u00edme, zda existuje p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd vztah mezi vzorci hrot\u016f u hub a lidskou \u0159e\u010d\u00ed. Pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b ne. Na druhou stranu je zde mnoho podobnost\u00ed v. <\/em>zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed informac\u00ed<\/em><\/strong> v \u017eiv\u00fdch substr\u00e1tech r\u016fzn\u00fdch t\u0159\u00edd, \u010deled\u00ed a druh\u016f. Byl jsem prost\u011b zv\u011bdav\u00fd na srovn\u00e1n\u00ed.\"<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
P\u0159\u00edklad detekce hrot\u016f v elektrick\u00e9m impulsu hub. (Foto: Adamatzky et al. via Royal Society Open Science)<\/mark><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Adamatzky si je p\u0159esto jist\u00fd, \u017ee elektrick\u00e9 impulzy maj\u00ed sv\u016fj \u00fa\u010del. Jedna z teori\u00ed je, \u017ee tyto sign\u00e1ly jsou vys\u00edl\u00e1ny z jedn\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti houby do druh\u00e9, aby udr\u017eely v\u0161echny \u010d\u00e1sti houby v chodu. \"vzd\u00e1len\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti\"<\/em> synchronizovat. Podobn\u011b jako vlci v noci vyj\u00ed, aby m\u011bli p\u0159ehled o sv\u00fdch druz\u00edch. Dal\u0161\u00ed teorie \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee houby pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed sv\u00e9 mycelium k tomu, aby vys\u00edlaly zpr\u00e1vy o nov\u011b nalezen\u00e9m zdroji potravy. (t\u0159eba jako lahodn\u00fd kus hnij\u00edc\u00edho d\u0159eva)<\/em> nebo existenci mo\u017en\u00fdch hrozeb pro danou oblast.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u016fbec ne n\u00e1hodn\u011b<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o jednu z prvn\u00edch studi\u00ed sv\u00e9ho druhu, nejsou jej\u00ed v\u00fdsledky zdaleka jednozna\u010dn\u00e9. Adamatzky upozornil, \u017ee zat\u00edmco houby jsou rozhodn\u011b<\/em> komunikovat, nemus\u00ed v\u016fbec \u0159\u00edkat slova. Alespo\u0148 ne v gramatick\u00e9m smyslu:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Existuje tak\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed mo\u017enost - <\/em>nic ne\u0159\u00edkaj\u00ed<\/em><\/strong>. \u0160\u00ed\u0159\u00edc\u00ed se \u0161pi\u010dky mycelia jsou elektricky nabit\u00e9, a proto kdy\u017e nabit\u00e9 \u0161pi\u010dky projdou dvojic\u00ed diferenci\u00e1ln\u00edch elektrod, je zaznamen\u00e1n skokov\u00fd rozd\u00edl potenci\u00e1l\u016f.\"<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Profesor tak\u00e9 up\u0159esnil, \u017ee a\u010dkoli p\u0159esn\u00fd v\u00fdznam elektrick\u00fdch vzor\u016f je\u0161t\u011b nebyl zji\u0161t\u011bn, je nepravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee by byly n\u00e1hodn\u00e9. Houby vys\u00edlaj\u00ed tyto sign\u00e1ly z velmi specifick\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Fungus\" v p\u0159eklada\u010di Google?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

N\u011bkolik z\u00e1stupc\u016f v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho sv\u011bta z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 k v\u00fdsledk\u016fm skeptick\u00fdch. Pro za\u010d\u00e1tek, hroty elektrick\u00fdch vzorc\u016f v houbov\u00fdch s\u00edt\u00edch maj\u00ed<\/em> byly pozorov\u00e1ny v minulosti. Ty byly vyvol\u00e1ny t\u00edm, \u017ee houby hledaly potravu, co\u017e zp\u016fsobilo, \u017ee jejich mycelium \"pulzovalo\" nebo vibrovalo, aby p\u0159eneslo \u017eiviny. Dal\u0161\u00edm d\u016fvodem je, \u017ee Adamatzk\u00e9ho studie je st\u00e1le v plenk\u00e1ch. D\u00edky tomu je jeho teorie \"houby mluv\u00edc\u00ed slovy a v\u011btami\"<\/em> \u017ee je to pom\u011brn\u011b p\u0159ed\u010dasn\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Cordyceps
Cordyceps militaris s elektrodov\u00fdmi dr\u00e1ty. (Foto: Adamatzky et al. via Royal Society Open Science)<\/mark><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Jedn\u00edm z takov\u00fdch kritik\u016f je Dan Bebber, kter\u00fd je \u010dlenem v\u00fdboru pro v\u00fdzkum biologie hub Britsk\u00e9 mykologick\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti a docentem biologick\u00fdch v\u011bd na Exetersk\u00e9 univerzit\u011b. Vysv\u011btlil:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Tato nov\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce detekuje rytmick\u00e9 vzorce v elektrick\u00fdch sign\u00e1lech, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed podobnou frekvenci jako n\u00e1mi nalezen\u00e9 nutri\u010dn\u00ed impulsy. A\u010dkoli je to zaj\u00edmav\u00e9.<\/em> tlumo\u010den\u00ed jako jazyk <\/em><\/strong>se zd\u00e1 b\u00fdt pon\u011bkud p\u0159ehnan\u011b nad\u0161en\u00e1 a vy\u017eadovala by mnohem v\u00edce v\u00fdzkumu a testov\u00e1n\u00ed kritick\u00fdch hypot\u00e9z, ne\u017e se v p\u0159eklada\u010di Google objev\u00ed \"Fungus\".\"<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010cist\u00e1 kojeneck\u00e1 f\u00e1ze<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Adamatzky p\u0159izn\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee ho \u010dek\u00e1 je\u0161t\u011b dlouh\u00e1 cesta, ne\u017e p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed sv\u00e9 kolegy v\u011bdce o existenci jazyka houbov\u00e9ho mycelia. P\u0159esto v\u0161ak st\u00e1le douf\u00e1, \u017ee se jeho pr\u016fkopnick\u00fd v\u00fdzkum potvrd\u00ed. Kdy\u017e ne te\u010f, tak snad v bl\u00edzk\u00e9 budoucnosti?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Den\u00edku The Guardian \u0159ekl:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Nem\u011bli bychom o\u010dek\u00e1vat rychl\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky: jazyk ko\u010dek a ps\u016f se n\u00e1m zat\u00edm nepoda\u0159ilo rozlu\u0161tit, p\u0159esto\u017ee s nimi \u017eijeme po stalet\u00ed, a v\u00fdzkum elektrick\u00e9 komunikace hub je teprve v po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edm st\u00e1diu.\"<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tajemstv\u00ed z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 <\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Docela vzru\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed zpr\u00e1va, \u017ee? Krom\u011b komunikace mezi houbami existuje samoz\u0159ejm\u011b spousta dal\u0161\u00edch d\u016fvod\u016f. Nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159enos \u017eivin pod\u00e9l hyf, kter\u00fd zp\u016fsobuje \"blik\u00e1n\u00ed\" jejich elektrick\u00fdch pulz\u016f. Tyto hroty v\u0161ak mohou znamenat i v\u00edce v\u011bc\u00ed najednou. Pro\u010d ne mo\u017enost, \u017ee spolu houby skute\u010dn\u011b hovo\u0159\u00ed?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O podzemn\u00edch houbov\u00fdch s\u00edt\u00edch v\u00edme ji\u017e del\u0161\u00ed dobu, ale v\u011bdci poprv\u00e9 shrom\u00e1\u017edili informace o t\u011bchto s\u00edt\u00edch. \"slova\"<\/em> a \"v\u011bty\"<\/em> z elektrick\u00fdch sign\u00e1l\u016f v myceliu. Pokud se prok\u00e1\u017ee, \u017ee 100% je spr\u00e1vn\u00fd, pak by to mohlo znamenat, \u017ee \u0159\u00ed\u0161e hub - v\u010detn\u011b na\u0161eho milovan\u00e9ho magick\u00e9 houby<\/strong> a kouzeln\u00e9 lan\u00fd\u017ee<\/strong> - disponuje takovou \u00farovn\u00ed inteligence, kterou lid\u00e9 jednodu\u0161e nedok\u00e1\u017eou rozpoznat? Tajn\u00fd jazyk hub zat\u00edm z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 nerozlu\u0161titeln\u00fd...<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Kdyby houby mohly mluvit, co by \u0159ekly?<\/p>","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":61148,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[68],"tags":[],"topics":[],"class_list":["post-61142","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-science-and-studies"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61142","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=61142"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61142\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":161655,"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61142\/revisions\/161655"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/61148"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=61142"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=61142"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=61142"},{"taxonomy":"topics","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/topics?post=61142"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}