{"id":88963,"date":"2022-10-17T18:02:46","date_gmt":"2022-10-17T16:02:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/?p=88963"},"modified":"2023-05-04T14:06:14","modified_gmt":"2023-05-04T12:06:14","slug":"houby-jedina-vec-ktera-ma-prospech-z-uderu-blesku","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/cs\/blog\/mushrooms-the-only-thing-which-benefits-from-being-struck-by-lightning\/","title":{"rendered":"Houby: Jedin\u00e1 v\u011bc, kter\u00e9 prosp\u00edv\u00e1, kdy\u017e do n\u00ed ude\u0159\u00ed blesk"},"content":{"rendered":"

Sta\u010d\u00ed se zachumlat do dupa\u010dek a hibernovat ve stylu grizzlyho a\u017e do jara.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Foto: Daniele Levis Pelusi on Unsplash<\/mark><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Klid po bou\u0159i<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Ale kdy\u017e se bou\u0159ka kone\u010dn\u011b rozplyne a my se do\u010dk\u00e1me sv\u011b\u017e\u00edho podzimn\u00edho dne s k\u0159upav\u00fdm m\u011bd\u011bn\u00fdm list\u00edm a nejmod\u0159ej\u0161\u00ed oblohou, nen\u00ed nic lep\u0161\u00edho. A pokud se toul\u00e1te po kopc\u00edch a d\u00e1lav\u00e1ch... (nebo m\u00edstn\u00ed park) <\/em>v den, jako je tento, si m\u016f\u017eete v\u0161imnout, \u017ee populace hub m\u00e1, no, houby. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Foto: Phoenix Han on Unsplash<\/mark><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Jist\u011b, je p\u0159ece sez\u00f3na. To v\u0161ak nen\u00ed to, co pouze <\/em>d\u016fvodem, pro\u010d mohou b\u00fdt houby o n\u011bco hojn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Mohla by to b\u00fdt tak\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e1 bou\u0159ka. Jo, jak prav\u00ed vlastn\u011b docela star\u00e1 legenda, blesk zp\u016fsobuje, \u017ee se houby mno\u017e\u00ed. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Houba\u0159sk\u00fd folkl\u00f3r<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Ano, podobn\u011b jako doktor Frankenstein o\u017eivuje sv\u00e9 neboh\u00e9 monstrum, zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee i houby vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed s\u00edlu p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed elekt\u0159iny. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Tato lidov\u00e1 pov\u011bst je zn\u00e1m\u00e1 ji\u017e dlouho, zejm\u00e9na japonsk\u00fdm zem\u011bd\u011blc\u016fm, kte\u0159\u00ed v\u017edy v\u00edtali bou\u0159kov\u00e9 mraky stahuj\u00edc\u00ed se na obloze. V\u011bd\u011bli, \u017ee jejich \u00faroda hub brzy vzroste. A to je dob\u0159e, proto\u017ee houby jsou z\u00e1kladn\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed japonsk\u00e9ho j\u00eddeln\u00ed\u010dku. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

V sou\u010dasnosti v\u0161ak nab\u00eddka neodpov\u00edd\u00e1 popt\u00e1vce a ro\u010dn\u011b se krom\u011b dom\u00e1c\u00edch plodin dov\u00e1\u017e\u00ed 50 000 tun hub. To p\u0159im\u011blo v\u011bdce, aby se ve snaze zv\u00fd\u0161it napln\u011bnost hub obr\u00e1tili k lidov\u00e9mu folkl\u00f3ru. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mno\u017een\u00ed hub<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

V r\u00e1mci n\u011bkolikalet\u00e9 studie v\u011bdci z univerzity Iwate v severn\u00edm Japonsku odp\u00e1lili r\u016fzn\u00e9 druhy hub um\u011ble vyvolan\u00fdm bleskem. Tyto houby se p\u011bstuj\u00ed na laboratorn\u00edch zahradn\u00edch pozemc\u00edch. D\u00edky tomu je mo\u017en\u00e9 snadno m\u011b\u0159it, zda elekt\u0159ina zp\u016fsobila jejich mno\u017een\u00ed. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Foto: Johannes Plenio on Unsplash<\/em><\/mark><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

A kdo v\u00ed? Jejich zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee n\u00e1razy elekt\u0159iny (p\u0159i s\u00edle rovnaj\u00edc\u00ed se blesku) <\/em>m\u016f\u017ee v\u00edce ne\u017e zdvojn\u00e1sobit produkci n\u011bkter\u00fdch druh\u016f hub ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s tradi\u010dn\u00edmi metodami p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed. Z deseti druh\u016f hub, kter\u00e9 byly v t\u00e9 dob\u011b zkou\u0161eny, jich osm bylo vn\u00edmav\u00fdch k multiplika\u010dn\u00edm \u00fa\u010dink\u016fm blesku. Koichi Takaki, docent na univerzit\u011b, uvedl: \"V\u0161ichni houba\u0159i, kte\u0159\u00ed se zab\u00fdvaj\u00ed houba\u0159en\u00edm, jsou schopni houby p\u011bstovat;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Nejlep\u0161\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinky jsme vid\u011bli v shiitake<\/a> a houby nameko<\/em>. Testovali jsme tak\u00e9 reishi<\/a> houby, kter\u00e9 nejsou jedl\u00e9, ale pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed se v n\u011bkter\u00fdch druz\u00edch tradi\u010dn\u00ed \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 medic\u00edny,\". <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Urychlen\u00ed procesu p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

P\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed hub shiitake je obvykle celoro\u010dn\u00ed proces. Nejprve je t\u0159eba vyp\u011bstovat podhoub\u00ed houby v kmenech z tvrd\u00e9ho d\u0159eva, kter\u00e9 se uchov\u00e1vaj\u00ed na z\u00e1honech. Pot\u00e9 je zem\u011bd\u011blci pono\u0159\u00ed na 1 a\u017e 2 dny do vody a n\u00e1sledn\u011b je otlu\u010dou strojem. (kmeny, ne zem\u011bd\u011blci.)<\/em> T\u00edm se houba dostane do reproduk\u010dn\u00ed f\u00e1ze a za\u010dne produkovat chutn\u00e9 shiitake, kter\u00e9 zn\u00e1me a milujeme. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

V Takakiho studi\u00edch byl kmenem shiitake pou\u0161t\u011bn stejnosm\u011brn\u00fd proud, kter\u00fd b\u011bhem n\u011bkolika dn\u00ed zp\u016fsobil zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed v\u00fdnos\u016f. Bylo to rozhodn\u011b mnohem rychlej\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e tlouct kmen robotem po cel\u00e9 m\u011bs\u00edce. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me elektrick\u00e9 \u0161oky s vysok\u00fdm nap\u011bt\u00edm jako stimulaci ke zm\u011bn\u011b stavu r\u016fstu hub z vegetativn\u00edho na reproduk\u010dn\u00ed r\u016fst plodnic.\"<\/em>  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"N\u00e1hl\u00fd n\u00e1r\u016fst<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Takaki a spol. p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dali, \u017ee houby v bl\u00edzkosti z\u00f3ny \u00faderu blesku jsou stimulov\u00e1ny sp\u00ed\u0161e men\u0161\u00edm n\u00e1bojem proch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edm p\u016fdou ne\u017e p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdm z\u00e1sahem, kter\u00fd by houby usma\u017eil. (a ne v chutn\u00e9m slova smyslu!) <\/em>Proto byl spu\u0161t\u011bn proud prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm<\/em> z\u00e1znamu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159i testech bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee optim\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdt\u011b\u017enosti houby dosahuj\u00ed, kdy\u017e jsou vystaveny nap\u011bt\u00ed 50 000 a\u017e 1 000 000 volt\u016f po dobu jedn\u00e9 desetimiliontiny sekundy. V\u00fdt\u011b\u017enost houby shiitake se za t\u011bchto podm\u00ednek zdvojn\u00e1sobila a houba nameko vyprodukovala o 80% v\u00edce. Uff!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Takaki \u0159ekl; \"Reakc\u00ed hub na tento n\u00e1hl\u00fd p\u0159\u00edliv energie je nejprve sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed protein\u016f a enzym\u016f vylu\u010dovan\u00fdch jejich hyfami, po kter\u00e9m n\u00e1sleduje jejich n\u00e1hl\u00fd n\u00e1r\u016fst.\" <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Foto: NOAA on Unsplash<\/mark><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

P\u011bkn\u011b elektrizuj\u00edc\u00ed z\u00e1le\u017eitost! Ale Takaki je\u0161t\u011b neskon\u010dil. Kmeny, s nimi\u017e pracovali, proch\u00e1zel proud p\u0159\u00edmo skrz n\u011b - ale k\u00fd\u017een\u00e9 zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed v\u00fdnos\u016f se projevilo i u populac\u00ed hub nach\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edch se na m\u00edle daleko od m\u00edst, kam p\u0159irozen\u011b ude\u0159il blesk. Pro\u010d?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Takaki navrhl, \u017ee r\u016fst hub nevyvol\u00e1vaj\u00ed pouze elektrick\u00e9 \u0161oky, ale \u017ee sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed procesu mus\u00ed b\u00fdt i dal\u0161\u00ed fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed vlivy. (Mo\u017en\u00e1 <\/em>a trochu jako efekt doprovodu<\/a> ale s bleskem?) <\/em>Takaki a jeho t\u00fdm se rozhodli prozkoumat \u00fa\u010dinky p\u0159irozen\u011bj\u0161\u00edch, nep\u0159\u00edm\u00fdch z\u00e1sah\u016f elektrick\u00fdm proudem na r\u016fst hub. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed na t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 chybu<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Prvn\u00ed den vzali kl\u00e1dy, kter\u00e9 byly p\u0159edem p\u0159ipraveny pro stimula\u010dn\u00ed proces, a pono\u0159ili je na 24 hodin do vody. Pot\u00e9 je um\u00edstili 3 metry od gener\u00e1toru impulsn\u00edho nap\u011bt\u00ed. Elektrody naprogramovali tak, aby generovaly 3-4 \u00fadery, co\u017e je pr\u016fm\u011br pro elektrick\u00fd bou\u0159kov\u00fd mrak. Ve dnech 9, 11 a 13 byli schopni skl\u00edzet houby s klobou\u010dky o pr\u016fm\u011bru v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm ne\u017e 50 mm. Kl\u00e1dy um\u00edst\u011bn\u00e9 3 m od sv\u011bteln\u00fdch \u00fader\u016f vyprodukovaly dvakr\u00e1t v\u00edce hub ne\u017e kontroln\u00ed kl\u00e1dy, kter\u00e9 byly vzd\u00e1leny 12 m. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee se jednalo o kontroln\u00ed kl\u00e1dy, bylo dosa\u017eeno dvojn\u00e1sobn\u00e9ho po\u010dtu hub. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u0159et\u00ed skupina kmen\u016f byla vystavena sad\u00e1m sv\u011bteln\u00fdch z\u00e1sah\u016f ka\u017ed\u00fd den po dobu jednoho t\u00fddne. Ty poskytly je\u0161t\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdnos ne\u017e p\u016fvodn\u00ed kmeny, kter\u00e9 dostaly jednu sadu z\u00e1sah\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Takaki vysv\u011btluje;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Velk\u00fd proud p\u0159i \u00faderu blesku zp\u016fsob\u00ed rychl\u00fd n\u00e1r\u016fst teploty z pokojov\u00e9 teploty na p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 10 000 \u00b0C. Tento rychl\u00fd n\u00e1r\u016fst teploty rychle zv\u011bt\u0161uje objem vzduchu a vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed r\u00e1zovou vlnu, kter\u00e1 se \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed do kmene a n\u00e1sledn\u011b v n\u011bm vibruje. T\u00edm se h\u00fdbou hyfy uvnit\u0159 kmene, l\u00e1mou se vl\u00e1kna a stimuluje se tvorba plodnic.\"<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Folkl\u00f3r se st\u00e1v\u00e1 skute\u010dnost\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Je neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u00e9, kdy\u017e se uk\u00e1\u017ee, \u017ee prastar\u00e1 moudrost je tak trochu a zcela pravdiv\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Ve starov\u011bku V\u00e9dsk\u00e9<\/a> mytologie, stoj\u00ed za zm\u00ednku, \u017ee Soma<\/em>, m\u00fdtick\u00e1 rostlina, n\u00e1poj a bo\u017estvo z\u00e1rove\u0148, pad\u00e1 na zem prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm de\u0161t\u011b podbarven\u00e9ho hromem a sv\u011btlem. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nen\u00ed to neobvykl\u00fd v\u00fdklad V\u00e9dy, \u017ee Soma<\/em> je ve skute\u010dnosti psychedelick\u00e1 houba. Ve skute\u010dnosti Henry Wasson<\/a>, mimo jin\u00e9 navrhl Soma<\/em> byl ve skute\u010dnosti Amanita muscaria<\/a><\/em>. A te\u010f u\u017e v\u00edme, \u017ee houby opravdu jsou <\/em>stimulovan\u00e9 p\u0159irozenou zemskou elekt\u0159inou, je docela fajn si p\u0159edstavit, \u017ee houbov\u00e1 bo\u017estva vych\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed ze zem\u011b zasa\u017een\u00e9 bleskem nejsou zase tak daleko od pravdy. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Foto: Jay na Unsplash<\/em><\/mark><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Tak, tady to m\u00e1me. Houby - jedin\u00e1 v\u011bc, kter\u00e9 prosp\u00edv\u00e1, kdy\u017e do n\u00ed ude\u0159\u00ed blesk. Mo\u017en\u00e1 se v\u0161ak prozat\u00edm nepokou\u0161ejte zas\u00e1hnout svou p\u011bstebn\u00ed soupravu - jejich v\u00fdnos je u\u017e tak dobr\u00fd, no a m\u00edsto toho byste si mohli omylem zp\u016fsobit mal\u00fd \u0161ok...<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Stra\u0161ideln\u00e9 obdob\u00ed je tady. D\u00e9\u0161\u0165 bi\u010duje, v\u00edtr kv\u00edl\u00ed, jako by se sna\u017eil odfouknout posledn\u00ed zbytky l\u00e9ta. Pak se ozvou hromy a blesky (velmi, velmi m\u011b d\u011bs\u00ed!), kter\u00e9 ot\u0159\u00e1saj\u00ed samotn\u00fdm nebem.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":88984,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[68],"tags":[],"topics":[],"class_list":["post-88963","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-science-and-studies"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/88963","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=88963"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/88963\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":122387,"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/88963\/revisions\/122387"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/88984"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=88963"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=88963"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=88963"},{"taxonomy":"topics","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/topics?post=88963"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}