{"id":208466,"date":"2024-09-05T17:31:39","date_gmt":"2024-09-05T15:31:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/?p=208466"},"modified":"2024-09-05T17:32:18","modified_gmt":"2024-09-05T15:32:18","slug":"studia-odhalila-ako-psilocybin-a-mdma-odlisne-ovplyvnuju-mozog","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/sk\/blog\/study-reveals-how-psilocybin-and-mdma-affect-the-brain-differently\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0160t\u00fadia odhalila, ako psilocyb\u00edn a MDMA odli\u0161ne ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa mozog"},"content":{"rendered":"

Nov\u00fd \u0161t\u00fadium<\/a>uverejnenej v \u010dasopise Scientific Reports, poskytla doteraz najhlb\u0161iu anal\u00fdzu toho, ako klasick\u00e9 psychedelik\u00e1 (ako napr. psilocyb\u00edn<\/a> z magick\u00fdch h\u00fab a LSD) <\/em>a drogy MDMA (\u010dasto zn\u00e1my ako ext\u00e1za alebo E) <\/em>ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa kognit\u00edvne funkcie po\u010das u\u017e\u00edvania a po \u0148om.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vedci zistili, \u017ee tieto l\u00e1tky maj\u00fa ve\u013emi odli\u0161n\u00fd vplyv na mozog. Zatia\u013e \u010do psychedelik\u00e1 zhor\u0161uj\u00fa pozornos\u0165 a v\u00fdkonn\u00e9 funkcie, MDMA nar\u00fa\u0161a predov\u0161etk\u00fdm pam\u00e4\u0165. Vzru\u0161uj\u00face je, \u017ee v \u0161t\u00fadii sa na\u0161li aj d\u00f4kazy, ktor\u00e9 nazna\u010duj\u00fa, \u017ee psychedelik\u00e1 m\u00f4\u017eu zvy\u0161ova\u0165 kreativitu a v\u00fdkonn\u00e9 funkcie aj po odznen\u00ed okam\u017eit\u00fdch \u00fa\u010dinkov drogy. Tento \u00fa\u010dinok sa pri MDMA nepozoroval. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pochopenie rozdielov medzi psychedelick\u00fdmi l\u00e1tkami a MDMA<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

S rast\u00facim u\u017e\u00edvan\u00edm psychedel\u00edk a MDMA (z terapeutick\u00fdch aj rekrea\u010dn\u00fdch d\u00f4vodov)  <\/em>je \u010doraz v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed podnet na hlb\u0161ie pochopenie ich kognit\u00edvnych \u00fa\u010dinkov, najm\u00e4 pokia\u013e ide o stanovenie usmernen\u00ed a o\u010dak\u00e1van\u00ed v r\u00e1mci terapeutick\u00e9ho prostredia. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aj z laick\u00e9ho poh\u013eadu s\u00fa \u00fa\u010dinky klasick\u00fdch psychedel\u00edk a MDMA dos\u0165 odli\u0161n\u00e9. MDMA je zn\u00e1ma t\u00fdm, \u017ee vyvol\u00e1va pocity euf\u00f3rie, empatie, emocion\u00e1lnej intimity a dokonca l\u00e1sky. Na druhej strane klasick\u00e9 psychedelik\u00e1 sp\u00f4sobuj\u00fa hlbok\u00e9 zmeny vn\u00edmania a poznania, zn\u00e1me ako \"trip\".<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Foto: Jesse Bauer on Unsplash<\/mark><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Napriek tomu, \u017ee sme obozn\u00e1men\u00ed s \u00fa\u010dinkami t\u00fdchto popul\u00e1rnych liekov, skuto\u010dn\u00e9 mechanizmy ich vplyvu na kognit\u00edvne funkcie, ako s\u00fa pam\u00e4\u0165, pozornos\u0165 a v\u00fdkonn\u00e9 funkcie (sem patria zru\u010dnosti ako pl\u00e1novanie a rie\u0161enie probl\u00e9mov) <\/em>neboli dobre zn\u00e1me, rovnako ako rozdiely medzi nimi. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u013eadanie vzorov v \u00fadajoch<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

S cie\u013eom vyrie\u0161i\u0165 tento nedostatok v\u00fdskumn\u00edci vykonali metaanal\u00fdzu. Metaanal\u00fdza je \u0161tatistick\u00e1 met\u00f3da, ktor\u00e1 kombinuje v\u00fdsledky viacer\u00fdch u\u017e existuj\u00facich \u0161t\u00fadi\u00ed s cie\u013eom identifikova\u0165 z\u00e1konitosti a vyvodi\u0165 spo\u013eahlivej\u0161ie z\u00e1very. T\u00e1to konkr\u00e9tna \u0161t\u00fadia bola priekopn\u00edcka v tom, \u017ee ako prv\u00e1 svojho druhu porovn\u00e1vala kognit\u00edvne \u00fa\u010dinky MDMA a psychedel\u00edk tak podrobne. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Autor \u0161t\u00fadie Lukas A Basedow povedal;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Ak\u00fatne kognit\u00edvne \u00fa\u010dinky psychedel\u00edk je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 sk\u00fama\u0165, aby sa posilnilo \u00fasilie o zni\u017eovanie \u0161k\u00f4d a prevenciu. Okrem toho m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 \u0161pecifick\u00e9 kognit\u00edvne \u00fa\u010dinky d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 pre terapeutick\u00e9 pou\u017eitie psychedel\u00edk, ako s\u00fa pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky MDMA,\" <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Po preh\u013eadan\u00ed v\u00fdskumn\u00fdch datab\u00e1z a vyh\u013eadan\u00ed \u0161t\u00fadi\u00ed zameran\u00fdch na kognit\u00edvne \u00fa\u010dinky psychedel\u00edk a MDMA na\u0161li 122 vhodn\u00fdch \u0161t\u00fadi\u00ed na kvalitat\u00edvny preh\u013ead, z ktor\u00fdch 31 pou\u017eili na kvantitat\u00edvnu anal\u00fdzu.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Foto: Micha\u0142 Parzuchowski on Unsplash<\/mark><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Tri k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 kognit\u00edvne oblasti<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Anal\u00fdza sa s\u00fastredila na tri k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 kognit\u00edvne oblasti: kognit\u00edvne funkcie, pam\u00e4\u0165 a pozornos\u0165. V\u00fdkonn\u00e1 funkcia<\/strong> sa vz\u0165ahuje na kognit\u00edvne procesy vy\u0161\u0161ej \u00farovne, ako je rie\u0161enie probl\u00e9mov a pl\u00e1novanie, pam\u00e4\u0165<\/strong> je schopnos\u0165 uchov\u00e1va\u0165 a zapam\u00e4ta\u0165 si inform\u00e1cie, zatia\u013e \u010do Pozor<\/strong> zah\u0155\u0148a schopnos\u0165 s\u00fastredi\u0165 sa a udr\u017ea\u0165 koncentr\u00e1ciu. \u0160t\u00fadie sa potom rozdelili do kateg\u00f3ri\u00ed pod\u013ea toho, kedy sa kognit\u00edvne hodnotenia pod\u00e1vali - bu\u010f po\u010das ak\u00fatneho \u00fa\u010dinku lieku (t. j. ke\u010f boli \"pod vplyvom\"), <\/em>alebo po\u010das subak\u00fatnej f\u00e1zy (do 24 hod\u00edn po odznen\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinku lieku).\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0160t\u00fadia identifikovala v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 rozdiely v tom, ako psychedelik\u00e1 a MDMA ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa kognit\u00edvne funkcie. Po\u010das ak\u00fatnej f\u00e1zy alebo f\u00e1zy \"tripu\" sa zistilo, \u017ee psychedelik\u00e1 zhor\u0161uj\u00fa v\u00fdkonn\u00e9 funkcie a pozornos\u0165. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee \u013eudia, ktor\u00ed s\u00fa pod vplyvom psychedel\u00edk, m\u00f4\u017eu ma\u0165 probl\u00e9my s \u00falohami, ktor\u00e9 si vy\u017eaduj\u00fa komplexn\u00e9 rozhodovanie alebo trval\u00e9 s\u00fastredenie. Napriek tomu psychedelik\u00e1 menej ovplyv\u0148ovali pam\u00e4\u0165, pri\u010dom niektor\u00e9 \u0161t\u00fadie nezaznamenali \u017eiadny vplyv (aj ke\u010f v in\u00fdch bol pr\u00edtomn\u00fd).\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Psychedelik\u00e1 zlep\u0161uj\u00fa niektor\u00e9 kognit\u00edvne funkcie aj po skon\u010den\u00ed lie\u010dby<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Najzauj\u00edmavej\u0161ie je, \u017ee v\u00fdskumn\u00edci zistili, \u017ee po odznen\u00ed ak\u00fatneho \u00fa\u010dinku psychedelika (zvy\u010dajne po 24 hodin\u00e1ch) <\/em>niektor\u00e9 kognit\u00edvne funkcie sa zlep\u0161ili. Zistili najm\u00e4, \u017ee v\u00fdkonn\u00e9 funkcie a kreativita sa m\u00f4\u017eu po\u010das tohto subak\u00fatneho (po v\u00fdlete) <\/em>f\u00e1zu, ktor\u00e1 sa \u010dasto s l\u00e1skou naz\u00fdva \"obdobie po \u017eiaren\u00ed\". Toto zistenie nazna\u010duje, \u017ee psychedelik\u00e1 m\u00f4\u017eu ma\u0165 zvl\u00e1\u0161tnu schopnos\u0165 skuto\u010dne posilni\u0165 ur\u010dit\u00e9 kognit\u00edvne funkcie po skon\u010den\u00ed ich bezprostredn\u00fdch \u00fa\u010dinkov. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
cez Unsplash<\/mark><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
MDMA nem\u00e1 \"dozvuky (nie je to prekvapenie pre nikoho, kto niekedy za\u017eil ext\u00e1zu) <\/em><\/h5>\n\n\n\n

Na porovnanie, MDMA v ak\u00fatnej f\u00e1ze predov\u0161etk\u00fdm zhor\u0161oval pam\u00e4\u0165, ale nemal v\u00fdrazn\u00fd vplyv na v\u00fdkonn\u00e9 funkcie a pozornos\u0165. Z toho vypl\u00fdva, \u017ee u\u017e\u00edvatelia MDMA by mohli ma\u0165 po\u010das u\u017e\u00edvania drogy probl\u00e9my so zapam\u00e4tan\u00edm si nov\u00fdch inform\u00e1ci\u00ed alebo s vybavovan\u00edm si detailov. Zauj\u00edmav\u00e9 je, \u017ee v \u0161t\u00fadii sa nezistili \u017eiadne d\u00f4kazy o n\u00e1slednom \u00fa\u010dinku MDMA po odznen\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinkov drogy a kognit\u00edvne funkcie sa vr\u00e1tili na predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facu \"norm\u00e1lnu\" \u00farove\u0148 jedinca bez v\u00fdrazn\u00e9ho zlep\u0161enia.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tieto zistenia prezentuj\u00fa v\u00fdrazne odli\u0161n\u00e9 kognit\u00edvne profily klasick\u00fdch psychedel\u00edk a MDMA. Zd\u00e1 sa, \u017ee psilocyb\u00edn, LSD a \u010fal\u0161ie l\u00e1tky do\u010dasne nar\u00fa\u0161aj\u00fa pozornos\u0165, s\u00fastredenie a v\u00fdkonn\u00e9 funkcie, ale v skuto\u010dnosti m\u00f4\u017eu tieto schopnosti po odznen\u00ed ak\u00fatnych \u00fa\u010dinkov drogy posilni\u0165. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0160t\u00fadia zistila, \u017ee z\u00e1\u017eitky m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 nepredv\u00eddate\u013en\u00e9 <\/h4>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdskumn\u00edci v\u0161ak zaznamenali zna\u010dn\u00fa mieru variability zisten\u00ed v r\u00e1mci \u0161t\u00fadi\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00fdch v metaanal\u00fdze. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Basedow povedal Psypost;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Najprekvapuj\u00facej\u0161\u00edm zisten\u00edm bola heterogenita v\u00fdsledkov... Hoci sme zistili vzorce po\u0161kodenia, \u0161t\u00fadie tie\u017e \u010dasto nepreuk\u00e1zali \u017eiadne po\u0161kodenie sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 psychedel\u00edkmi, \u010do nazna\u010duje, \u017ee niektor\u00ed \u013eudia s\u00fa schopn\u00ed zachova\u0165 si svoje kognit\u00edvne schopnosti pod vplyvom psychedel\u00edk.\"<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e1to heterogenita (rozdiel) <\/em>medzi v\u00fdsledkami poukazuje na zlo\u017eitos\u0165 toho, ako tieto l\u00e1tky menia poznanie. \u00da\u010dinky psychedel\u00edk aj MDMA sa neriadia jednoduch\u00fdm, predv\u00eddate\u013en\u00fdm vzorcom a m\u00f4\u017eu sa v\u00fdrazne l\u00ed\u0161i\u0165 v z\u00e1vislosti od faktorov, ako s\u00fa prostredie a kontext, v ktorom sa l\u00e1tky pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa, individu\u00e1lne rozdiely medzi u\u017e\u00edvate\u013emi a konkr\u00e9tne metodiky pou\u017eit\u00e9 v \u0161t\u00fadi\u00e1ch. Pr\u00e1ve t\u00e1to zlo\u017eitos\u0165 sp\u00f4sobuje, \u017ee vyvodzovanie kone\u010dn\u00fdch z\u00e1verov o kognit\u00edvnych vplyvoch t\u00fdchto drog je n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ako m\u00f4\u017eu tieto zistenia ovplyvni\u0165 terapeutick\u00e9 aj rekrea\u010dn\u00e9 vyu\u017eitie<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Tieto zistenia maj\u00fa d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 d\u00f4sledky pre terapeutick\u00e9 aj rekrea\u010dn\u00e9 u\u017e\u00edvanie t\u00fdchto l\u00e1tok. Napr\u00edklad zaznamenan\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky psychedel\u00edk po ich u\u017eit\u00ed by sa mohli \u0161pecificky vyu\u017ei\u0165 na zv\u00fd\u0161enie \u00fa\u010dinnosti terapeutick\u00fdch seden\u00ed vykonan\u00fdch po psychedelickom z\u00e1\u017eitku - v podstate by sa vyu\u017eilo okno, po\u010das ktor\u00e9ho by terapeutick\u00fd proces mohol by\u0165 naj\u00fa\u010dinnej\u0161\u00ed.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Pokia\u013e ide o rekrea\u010dn\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely, lep\u0161ie pochopenie kognit\u00edvnych \u00fa\u010dinkov t\u00fdchto drog m\u00f4\u017ee prispie\u0165 k ich bezpe\u010dnej\u0161iemu u\u017e\u00edvaniu. To by mohlo zah\u0155\u0148a\u0165 vyh\u00fdbanie sa \u00faloh\u00e1m, ktor\u00e9 si vy\u017eaduj\u00fa pozornos\u0165 alebo rozhodovanie po\u010das u\u017e\u00edvania psychedel\u00edk, preto\u017ee tieto funkcie m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 do\u010dasne naru\u0161en\u00e9. M\u00f4\u017ee sa v\u0161ak sta\u0165, \u017ee rozhodovanie \u010fal\u0161ie <\/em>de\u0148 je obohaten\u00fd o...<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ou v\u00fdhradou je vy\u0161\u0161ie uveden\u00e1 heterogenita,\" <\/em>vysvetlil autor \u0161t\u00fadie Basedow. \"V\u00fdsledky sa v jednotliv\u00fdch \u0161t\u00fadi\u00e1ch nielen l\u00ed\u0161ili, ale aj pou\u017eit\u00e9 met\u00f3dy boli ve\u013emi rozdielne. Pok\u00fasili sme sa zhrn\u00fa\u0165 \u00fa\u010dinky r\u00f4znych testov, ale bud\u00face \u0161t\u00fadie by sa mali zamera\u0165 na pou\u017eitie najbe\u017enej\u0161\u00edch neuropsychologick\u00fdch testov. V bud\u00facich \u0161t\u00fadi\u00e1ch by bolo skvel\u00e9 porovna\u0165 r\u00f4zne psychedelik\u00e1 (napr. LSD a psilocyb\u00edn), ako aj MDMA priamo v rovnak\u00fdch testoch a za rovnak\u00fdch podmienok, aby sa spr\u00e1vne rozl\u00ed\u0161ili \u00fa\u010dinky r\u00f4znych l\u00e1tok.\"<\/em><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ako vie ka\u017ed\u00fd, kto m\u00e1 aspo\u0148 trochu sk\u00fasenost\u00ed s \"l\u00e1tkami\", magick\u00e9 huby a MDMA s\u00fa dos\u0165 odli\u0161n\u00e9 drogy. V\u010faka ich potenci\u00e1lu na terapeutick\u00e9 vyu\u017eitie sa v\u0161ak v\u00fdskum mechanizmov, ktor\u00e9 stoja za ich rozdielmi, v\u00fdrazne preh\u013abil a odhalil nieko\u013eko celkom zauj\u00edmav\u00fdch v\u00fdsledkov.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":208477,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[69,88],"tags":[],"topics":[],"class_list":["post-208466","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-psychedelic-culture","category-psychedelic-studies"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/208466","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=208466"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/208466\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":208481,"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/208466\/revisions\/208481"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/208477"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=208466"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=208466"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=208466"},{"taxonomy":"topics","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/topics?post=208466"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}