{"id":16369,"date":"2020-12-08T15:51:59","date_gmt":"2020-12-08T15:51:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/?p=16369"},"modified":"2023-11-02T15:00:47","modified_gmt":"2023-11-02T14:00:47","slug":"tidigaste-beviset-pa-manskligt-bruk-av-psykedeliska-medel-i-kalifornien","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/sv\/blog\/earliest-evidence-of-human-psychedelic-use-in-california\/","title":{"rendered":"De tidigaste bevisen p\u00e5 m\u00e4nniskans psykedeliska anv\u00e4ndning hittades i en grotta i Kalifornien"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tusentals \u00e5r senare kan forskarna ha <strong>l\u00f6ste mysteriet<\/strong>. Den r\u00f6da <em>\"hjul\"<\/em> har sp\u00e5rats till den psykedeliska blomman, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Datura_wrightii\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Datura wrightii<\/a><\/strong>, k\u00e4nd f\u00f6r sin ceremoniella anv\u00e4ndning av Chumash-folket.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Malet kan vara en <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fs.fed.us\/wildflowers\/pollinators\/pollinator-of-the-month\/hawk_moths.shtml\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>h\u00f6kfj\u00e4ril<\/strong> <\/a>som drack Daturas trippande nektar och d\u00e4rmed hade en berusad, dansliknande flygning.<em> <\/em>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Fler bevis p\u00e5 forntida psykedelisk anv\u00e4ndning finns p\u00e5 grottans tak, i form av <strong>Quids<\/strong>, eller 400 \u00e5r gamla klumpar av tuggade l\u00e4kemedel. Dessa inneh\u00e5ller <strong>scopolamin<\/strong> och <strong>atropin<\/strong>, de sinnesf\u00f6r\u00e4ndrande kemikalierna i Datura. Studien visar ocks\u00e5 att:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><em>\"...pictografierna var f\u00f6rmodligen inte sj\u00e4lvskildringar av shamaner i trance utan i st\u00e4llet ikonografiska bilder som bygger p\u00e5 mytologi...\"<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Detta \u00e4r det f\u00f6rsta beviset p\u00e5 att m\u00e4nniskor har tagit hallucinogener i en f\u00f6rhistorisk grotta. Men varf\u00f6r fokuserade v\u00e5ra tidiga psykonauter p\u00e5 Datura? Var blomman dyrkad, kanske?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"709\" height=\"408\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/datura-flower-pinwheel-cave.jpeg\" alt=\"r\u00f6d grotteckning bredvid foto av blommande datura\" class=\"wp-image-159700\" style=\"width:841px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/datura-flower-pinwheel-cave.jpeg 709w, https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/datura-flower-pinwheel-cave-300x173.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/datura-flower-pinwheel-cave-18x10.jpeg 18w, https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/datura-flower-pinwheel-cave-600x345.jpeg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 709px) 100vw, 709px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-color\">Pinwheel Cave i Kalifornien, d\u00e4r de kopplade den r\u00f6da spiralen till den magiska blomman. L\u00e4gg m\u00e4rke till formen p\u00e5 kronbladen som vecklar ut sig... (Foto: Melissa Dabulamanzi)<\/mark><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-pale-cyan-blue-color has-text-color\" id=\"h-the-magic-flower\"><em> Den magiska blomman<\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Datura l\u00f6stes upp som ett te som kallades <strong>toloache<\/strong>som unga pojkar drack som en \u00f6verg\u00e5ngsritual. Dess hallucinogener skulle ge dem tillg\u00e5ng till den <em>\"underjordisk v\u00e4rld\"<\/em>. Men blomman var ocks\u00e5 magisk p\u00e5 ett annat s\u00e4tt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00c4ven k\u00e4nd som <strong>thornapple<\/strong> och<strong> jimsonweed<\/strong>Datura \u00f6ppnar sina kronblad endast i skymningen och gryningen och sluter dem under dagen. Den r\u00f6da spiralen visar troligen en Datura-blomma. <em>\"vakna upp\"<\/em>, s\u00e4ger forskarna:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><em>\"Datura kan tas under hela livet av olika sk\u00e4l, bland annat f\u00f6r att f\u00e5 \u00f6vernaturliga krafter f\u00f6r att kunna ut\u00f6va l\u00e4kekonst, f\u00f6r att motverka negativa \u00f6vernaturliga h\u00e4ndelser, f\u00f6r att avv\u00e4rja sp\u00f6ken, f\u00f6r att se framtiden eller f\u00f6r att hitta f\u00f6rlorade f\u00f6rem\u00e5l...\"<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Numera \u00e4r Datura en vanlig tr\u00e4dg\u00e5rdsv\u00e4xt, fr\u00e4mst p\u00e5 grund av sina trumpetformade blommor. Efter blomningen producerar Datura spetsiga frukter.<em> (d\u00e4rav det andra namnet, thornapple)<\/em>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"991\" height=\"552\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/red-daura-flower.jpg\" alt=\"r\u00f6d daturablomma n\u00e4rbild\" class=\"wp-image-159703\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/red-daura-flower.jpg 991w, https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/red-daura-flower-300x167.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/red-daura-flower-768x428.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/red-daura-flower-18x10.jpg 18w, https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/red-daura-flower-600x334.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 991px) 100vw, 991px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-color\">R\u00f6d daturablomma<\/mark><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Japp, en Datura-utl\u00f6st resa kan vara s\u00e5 l\u00e5ng som tv\u00e5 dagar. Men se upp! Eftersom Datura \u00e4r en alkaloidv\u00e4xt kan de st\u00f6rsta biverkningarna vara oavsiktlig \u00f6verdosering... och d\u00f6d genom f\u00f6rgiftning. Varje j\u00e4kla del av Datura <em>\u00e4r<\/em> giftig.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-pale-cyan-blue-color has-text-color\" id=\"h-what-happens-if-you-eat-datura\"><em> Vad h\u00e4nder om du \u00e4ter Datura <\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Datura wrightii m\u00e5 vara en potent psykedelisk substans, men de farliga biverkningarna \u00f6verv\u00e4ger vida dess magi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>L\u00e5ngsammare <em>(eller vansinnigt mycket snabbare)<\/em> tankar;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>L\u00e4gre motivation;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Eventuell depression + \u00e5ngest;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Paranoia, med k\u00e4nslor av en <em>\"kommande katastrof\"<\/em>;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tidsf\u00f6rvr\u00e4ngning;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Muskeltr\u00f6tthet;\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>minnesf\u00f6rlust, och<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>D\u00f6d genom gift<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u00e5 l\u00e5t oss l\u00e4mna experimenten till grottm\u00e4nniskorna, okej?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-pale-cyan-blue-color has-text-color\" id=\"h-the-first-psychonauts\"><em>De f\u00f6rsta Psychonauts?<\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Om Datura var s\u00e5 farlig, varf\u00f6r tog d\u00e5 de kaliforniska grottm\u00e4nniskorna den, levde f\u00f6r att ber\u00e4tta om den och m\u00e5lade den s\u00e5 bra p\u00e5 sina grottbrunnar? Var de inte h\u00f6ga?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Till att b\u00f6rja med trippade konstn\u00e4rerna troligen inte n\u00e4r de ritade, vilket ledande forskaren <strong>David Robinson<\/strong> ber\u00e4ttade f\u00f6r Live Science:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><em>\"Det \u00e4r ytterst osannolikt p\u00e5 grund av Daturas f\u00f6rsvagande effekter.\"<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dessutom var ursprungsbefolkningen f\u00f6rmodligen immun mot blommans gift, eftersom de anv\u00e4nde Datura i det dagliga livet - och inte bara i ritualer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Arkeologerna hittade stenm\u00e5lningarna f\u00f6r f\u00f6rsta g\u00e5ngen 1999 vid<strong> Reservat f\u00f6r vindvargar<\/strong> i n\u00e4rheten av Santa Barbara. Arbetare uppt\u00e4ckte det r\u00f6da n\u00e5lhjulet och malet med <strong>ockra<\/strong>, eller r\u00f6d lera.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"839\" height=\"379\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/cave-painting-by-the-chamush-people.jpeg\" alt=\"r\u00f6da hjulformade grottm\u00e5lningar av Chumash-folket\" class=\"wp-image-159704\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/cave-painting-by-the-chamush-people.jpeg 839w, https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/cave-painting-by-the-chamush-people-300x136.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/cave-painting-by-the-chamush-people-768x347.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/cave-painting-by-the-chamush-people-18x8.jpeg 18w, https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/cave-painting-by-the-chamush-people-600x271.jpeg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 839px) 100vw, 839px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-color\">En annan otrolig grottm\u00e5lning av Chumash, i samma omr\u00e5de d\u00e4r det \"r\u00f6da pinhjulet\" hittades. (via Wikipedia)<\/mark><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Precis som Michelangelos konstverk i det Sixtinska kapellet hj\u00e4lpte klippm\u00e5lningarna ursprungsbefolkningen. <em>\"komma p\u00e5 hum\u00f6r\"<\/em> f\u00f6r deras andliga resa. F\u00f6r dem var Daturas hallucinogena kraft inte bara till f\u00f6r shamaner, utan f\u00f6r alla som beh\u00f6vde den.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><em>\"...det kan vara s\u00e5 att tuggandet av Datura kan ha varit relaterat till andra gruppceremonier, t.ex. f\u00f6rberedelser inf\u00f6r jaktresor.\"<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-pale-cyan-blue-color has-text-color\" id=\"h-rare-piece-of-psychedelic-history\"><em>Ett s\u00e4llsynt stycke psykedelisk historia <\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Anv\u00e4ndning av <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/explainer-what-is-radiocarbon-dating-and-how-does-it-work-9690\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Koldioxiddatering<\/a><\/strong>, the cave was revealed to be used from 1600 CE to the tail end of the 1800s.\u00a0 And it wasn\u2019t just for rituals or special occasions. They also found <strong>arrow axel r\u00e4tare<\/strong> <em>(vilket kan inneb\u00e4ra f\u00f6rberedelser f\u00f6r jakt)<\/em>, <strong>malda fr\u00f6n<\/strong> <em>(fr\u00e5n livsmedelsf\u00f6rr\u00e5d)<\/em>, och <strong>djurben.<\/strong> rester fr\u00e5n m\u00e5ltiderna. Fascinerande, eller hur?\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u00e5ra f\u00f6rf\u00e4der anv\u00e4nde inte bara psykedeliska l\u00e4kemedel, de v\u00f6rdade dem ocks\u00e5 och inkluderade deras magi i det dagliga livet. Och \u00e4ven om vi nu vet att Datura \u00e4r d\u00f6dlig, kommer dess r\u00f6da spiral att <em>definitivt<\/em> brinner i den psykedeliska historien.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"709\" height=\"339\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/chamush-people.jpeg\" alt=\"m\u00e5lning av Chumash-samh\u00e4llet med v\u00e4vda hyddor och b\u00e5tar\" class=\"wp-image-159707\" style=\"width:841px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/chamush-people.jpeg 709w, https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/chamush-people-300x143.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/chamush-people-18x9.jpeg 18w, https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/chamush-people-600x287.jpeg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 709px) 100vw, 709px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-color\">\u00c5terskapande av Chumash-samh\u00e4llet<\/mark><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Vad tycker du? Har denna uppt\u00e4ckt f\u00f6r\u00e4ndrat ditt s\u00e4tt att se p\u00e5 forntida samh\u00e4llen? <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Om du vill l\u00e4ra dig mer om hur folk genom tiderna har trippat ut kan du l\u00e4sa f\u00f6ljande <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/sv\/articles\/psykedeliska-studier\/bevis-for-att-forntida-civilisationer-anvande-psykedelika\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Bevis p\u00e5 att forntida civilisationer anv\u00e4nde psykedeliska l\u00e4kemedel<\/a>!<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>F\u00f6r l\u00e4nge sedan bodde ursprungsfolk i Kalifornien i grottor. Och p\u00e5 natten stirrade de inte p\u00e5 stj\u00e4rnorna p\u00e5 himlen utan p\u00e5 en klarr\u00f6d m\u00e5lning av ett n\u00e5lhjul och en fj\u00e4ril med stora \u00f6gon.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":16372,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[69],"tags":[],"topics":[],"class_list":["post-16369","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-psychedelic-culture"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/sv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16369","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/sv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/sv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/sv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/sv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16369"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/sv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16369\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":159709,"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/sv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16369\/revisions\/159709"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/sv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/16372"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/sv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16369"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/sv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16369"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/sv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=16369"},{"taxonomy":"topics","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/sv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/topics?post=16369"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}